ABSTRACT
Background: Mandibular foramen (MF), present on the medial surface of ramus of the mandible, leads to themandibular canal through which inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and vessels transmit. IAN block is a commonanaesthetic procedure before dental and reconstructive surgeries. Surgeons usually do IAN block in their clinicsand encounter failure of block because of variable position of MF.Objective: The present study was carried out to find the most common position of MF in north Indian population.Materials and Methods: Study was done on 50 dry adult human mandibles of unknown sex and age of northIndian origin. Height was measured from the angle of the mandible to the highest point on condyloid process.Mid point of the line joining these points was noted. The position of MF was observed in relation to pre noted midpoint.Results: MF was placed below the level of mid point in 40 mandibles (80%).Conclusion: The knowledge of most common position of MF will help the surgeons to reduce the chance ofunsuccessful IAN block.
ABSTRACT
Background: Inguinal hernia is a common condition dealt by surgeons in our country. It is said to be asoociated with increasing age, male gender, smoking, connective tissue disorder and factors responsible for increased intraabdominal pressure. Development of inguinal hernia and its relation with body weight is controversial. So present study has been carried to find out relation of body mass index with development of inguinal hernia in both gender, various age groups and its association with type of inguinal hernia. Methods: This was a prospective study carried out on patients of primary inguinal hernia belonging to Bundelkhand region of India. Patients were categorized according to Body Mass Index (BMI) as normal weight (BMI=18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI=25–29.9), class 1 obese (BMI=30–34.9), and morbid obese i.e. class 2 & 3 obese (BMI≥35). Data were further classified in groups formed on the basis of BMI of patient versus age, gender of patients and type of inguinal hernia viz. direct/ indirect hernia. All the findings were tabulated and inferences were drawn followed by statistical comparison with the help of “Statistical Calculator v 4.0” using suitable test viz. chi-square test with p value <0.05 considered as significant. Results: Age groups ranging from 21 years up to 70 years had highest number of patients who were having normal weight (BMI =18.5-24.9). Among the male gender, highest number of patients belonged to BMI group of 18.5-24.9 (i.e. normal weight). Patient group with BMI of ≥ 35 (i.e. class 2 & 3 obese) had the least frequency distribution in males as well as in females. Among the patients of primary direct inguinal hernia and primary indirect inguinal hernia, patient group with BMI of 18.5-24.9 (normal weight) showed highest frequency and patient group with BMI ≥ 35 (class 2 & 3 obese) showed least frequency. Conclusion: Present study shows that in our study population, high Body mass index is not associated with high occurrence of inguinal hernia among the genders and different age groups, rather it seems to be protective for inguinal hernia
ABSTRACT
Abstract: Background: Aim of present study was to note the frequency of accessory infraorbital foramen in north Indian population and to determine the distance of infraorbital foramen from various anatomical landmarks in adult dry human crania. Methodology: 64 adult north Indian dry human crania of unknown age and gender were analysedfor the presence ofaccessoryinfraorbital foramen and their unilateral or bilateral prevalence was calculated.Shortest distance between the infraorbital foramen from midline, pyriform margin, nasion, infraorbital margin, anterior nasal spine and frontozygomatic suture was measuredon both sides in each craniawith Vernier caliper accurate to 0.1 mm for linear measurement.Observations thus made were compiled and tabulated followed by comparison using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Prevalence of accessory infraorbital foramen is 7.81%, while bilateral prevalence of accessory infraorbital foramen is only 1.56 %, however unilaterally accessory infraorbital foramen is present in 6.25% (2.34 % on right side and 3.9 % on left side). Mean shortest distance of infraorbital foramen from midline was 34.78 ± 3.19mm, while mean shortest distance between the infraorbital foramen to the pyriform margin was 21.26 ± 2.78 mm.Mean shortest distance of infraorbital foramen to the nasion andinfraorbital marginwas 44.95 ± 4.62mm. and 6.58 ± 1.59 mm respectively.Mean shortest distance of infraorbital foramen to the anterior nasal spine and frontozygomatic suture was 36.63 ± 3.16mm.and 35.62 ± 1.98 mm respectively. Conclusion: The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomic landmarks may be of assistance in locating these important maxillofacial neurologic structures during many procedures. Understanding the location of these foramina will also assist the clinician in performing local anesthetic blocks.
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Abstracts: Background & Objective: Aim of present study was morphological and morphometric observation of papillary muscles of tricuspid valve of human heart. Methodology: This study was carried out in 36 human (24 males and 12 females) heart from adult cadavers, which were dissected according to standard technique. All papillary muscles were observed for their shapes, numbers and dimensions in centimeters. Data were tabulated and statistical comparison were done using “chi square” and “z” test. Results: The average length of anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscle was 1.42 ± 0.29 cm, 0.94 ± 0.23 cm and 0.18 ± 0.08 cm while average breadth of anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscle was 0.41± 0.12 cm, 0.29± 0.09 cm and 0.11± 0.01 cm respectively. The anterior papillary muscles presented 1 head in 27.78% and 2 heads in 25%, while posterior papillary muscles presented 1 head in 27.78% and 2 heads in 25%. All the septal papillary muscles presented with 1 head. Single anterior papillary muscle was found to be 97.22% while posterior papillary muscle was found to be single in 72.28% and double in 27.78. Septal papillary muscle was found to be single in 25% cases and absent in 38.89% cases. Conclusion: Data obtained from this study might be helpful for reparative surgical procedures of tricuspid valve.
ABSTRACT
Background: Non metric cranial variants have always been a topic of considerable interest for research workers, as they possess racial, regional and sex dimorphic differences. These variants are also of anthropometric, genetic, morphological and forensic importance. Material and Methods: 71 skulls from north indian region were studied to analyse the prevalence of variations in number and location of mastoid foramen and to draw significant inferences. Results: Prevalence of absent mastoid foramen is 5.19%, while bilateral prevalence of absent mastoid foramen is only 1.29%, however unilaterally mastoid foramen is absent in 3.9%. Prevalence of single, double, triple and quadruple mastoid foramina was 75.97%, 19.48%, 1.95% and 2.6% respectively. Amongst all mastoid foramina in 71 skulls, 23.38% foramina were exsutural, out of which 20.13% were present on temporal bone and 3.25% were present on occipital bone. Conclusions: Findings are discussed and compared with other global studies and are found to be of considerable racial and regional significance. Knowledge of this variant can be valuable in some neurosurgical procedures.
ABSTRACT
Tubercular spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is an uncommon infectious occurrence. SEA was first described in 1761. Clinical prospects of tubercular SEA are graver, if not promptly diagnosed and treated appropriately. We present two cases of spinal epidural abscess of tubercular etiology who progressed to paraplegia over the course of disease. MRI pointed towards an epidural abscess in the dorsal spine. Histopathological analysis revealed SEA, tubercular in nature in both cases. Patients responded to surgical decompression and anti-tubercular therapy (ATT). Such type of clinical entities has least been documented.